Criminal market
4.96
Human Trafficking
6.61
Human Smuggling
6.22
Arms Trafficking
6.78
Flora Crimes
4.56
Fauna Crimes
5.17
Non-Renewable Resources Crimes
5.17
Heroin Trade
3.89
Cocaine Trade
2.61
Cannabis Trade
5.61
Synthetic Drugs Trade
2.94
Criminal Actors
6.06
Mafia-Style Groups
4.33
Criminal Networks
6.56
State-Embedded Actors
7.00
Foreign Actors
6.33
Political Leadership and Governance
3.67
Government Transparency and Accountability
2.61
International Cooperation
4.17
National Policies and Laws
4.56
Judicial System and Detention
3.56
Law Enforcement
3.72
Territorial Integrity
4.39
Anti-Money Laundering
4.11
Economic Regulatory Environment
3.72
Victim and Witness Support
1.78
Prevention
2.44
Non-State Actors
3.33
Indeed, six of the nine countries in the region appear in the top 20 highest-scoring countries for criminality, with Somalia and South Sudan leading the way in joint-fourth position, followed closely by Sudan, with the sixth highest criminality score in Africa. In the region, strong trends were identified in both criminal markets and criminal actors, as well as resilience. The region averages higher in terms of criminality (5.51) than the rest of the continent (4.97), with criminal markets at 4.96 (compared to Africa’s overall score of 4.68) and actors at 6.06 (where Africa averages 5.25). In line with other regions, criminal actors in East Africa drive up the overall criminality score. The most prevalent criminal markets in East Africa as a whole are for human trafficking, human smuggling and arms trafficking, each with average scores considerably higher than in the rest of Africa. While East Africa’s average criminal market score is actually lower than West Africa’s, its average criminal actor score of 6.06 is the highest of the five regions on the continent by a notable margin, driven predominantly by the influence of both criminal networks and state-embedded actors. In terms of resilience, East Africa is overall the second least resilient region (after Central Africa), with an average resilience score of 3.50, compared to the African average of 3.86. As is the case with many countries across the continent, resilience measures in this region are focused primarily on heavy security frameworks, at the expense of 'softer' response mechanisms.
Criminal market
3.40
Human Trafficking
4.00
Human Smuggling
5.00
Arms Trafficking
3.50
Flora Crimes
1.00
Fauna Crimes
3.50
Non-Renewable Resources Crimes
4.00
Heroin Trade
2.00
Cocaine Trade
2.00
Cannabis Trade
5.00
Synthetic Drugs Trade
4.00
Criminal Actors
3.13
Mafia-Style Groups
1.00
Criminal Networks
3.50
State-Embedded Actors
5.00
Foreign Actors
3.00
Political Leadership and Governance
7.00
Government Transparency and Accountability
6.50
International Cooperation
4.50
National Policies and Laws
6.50
Judicial System and Detention
4.50
Law Enforcement
4.50
Territorial Integrity
5.50
Anti-Money Laundering
5.00
Economic Regulatory Environment
5.50
Victim and Witness Support
5.00
Prevention
2.00
Non-State Actors
7.00
Unlike the majority of African countries, Tunisia’s criminal markets score is higher than its criminal actors score. The country’s score for human smuggling is above the continental average, but the majority of criminal markets are far less pervasive in Tunisia than elsewhere in Africa. Human smuggling is prominent, with the country acting both as an origin and transit country for migrants being smuggled across the Mediterranean to Europe. However, levels of violence and exploitation surrounding human smuggling in Tunisia are far lower than in numerous countries in Africa. State-embedded actors exert the greatest degree of influence on organised crime in Tunisia, scoring 5. Other criminal actor typologies have little to no influence. Tunisia is fairly resilient to organised crime, ranking 12th overall for resilience, second only to Morocco in North Africa. Government leadership in addressing organised crime and relatively high levels of transparency and accountability, in addition to a robust legislative framework and a vocal and vibrant civil society, contribute to high levels of resilience. However, organised crime prevention measures are very weak. There is significant scope for improvement in enhancing the capacity of the judicial system and law enforcement agencies.
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The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to 10. The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel.
